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A public utility is a company that maintains the infrastructure for a public service. Public utilities often involve natural monopolies, and as a result are often government monopolies, or if privately owned, treated as specially regulated sectors. Public utilities can be privately owned or publicly owned. Publicly owned utilities include cooperative and municipal utilities. Municipal utilities may actually include territories outside of city limits or may not even serve the entire city. Cooperative utilities are owned by the customers they serve. They are usually found in rural areas. Private utilities, also called investor owned utilities, are owned by investors. Unlike public companies, private utilities may be listed on the stock exchange. Private, in this context, means not owned by the public or the government.

In poorer developing countries, public utilities are often limited to wealthier parts of major cities, as used to be the case in developed countries in the nineteenth century.

Examples of utilities are:

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Software :: Library and Information Science

 
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@librarythingtim During FY 2006, academic libraries spent $106.3 million for bibliographic utilities, networks, and consortia
sesuncedu (sesuncedu) Fri, 16 Oct 2009 17:13:44 -0000
@librarythingtim During FY 2006, academic libraries spent $106.3 million for bibliographic utilities, networks, and consortia
RT @ALA_TechSource: New post: Tom Peters (@maxitoricardo): How SkyRiver can change the world of bibliographic utilities http://bit.ly/132VSH
sspohnjr (Stephen Spohn) Wed, 14 Oct 2009 20:49:34 -0000
RT @ALA_TechSource: New post: Tom Peters (@maxitoricardo): How SkyRiver can change the world of bibliographic utilities http://bit.ly/132VSH
RT @ALA_TechSource New blog post from @maxitoricardo : How SkyRiver can change the world of bibliographic utilities http://bit.ly/132VSH
bohyunkim (Bohyun Kim) Wed, 14 Oct 2009 15:58:40 -0000
RT @ALA_TechSource New blog post from @maxitoricardo : How SkyRiver can change the world of bibliographic utilities http://bit.ly/132VSH
New blog post from Tom Peters (@maxitoricardo): How SkyRiver can change the world of bibliographic utilities http://bit.ly/132VSH
ALA_TechSource (ALA_TechSource) Wed, 14 Oct 2009 15:44:11 -0000
New blog post from Tom Peters (@maxitoricardo): How SkyRiver can change the world of bibliographic utilities http://bit.ly/132VSH

 
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A Format for Bibliographic Records - Request For Comments: 1807. This RFC defines a format for bibliographic records describing technical reports.

Biblio - Research program to organize notes, draft outlines, and create bibliographies.

Bibliographic Software for Researchers - Biblioscape is an information manager for researchers, scholarly writers, students, and librarians. People use it to organize literature references, generate citations and bibliographies automatically, search bibliographic database online, and post bibliographic database live on the web.
Meta Description: [ bibliographic software to generate citations and bibliography in APA, MLA, etc. styles, compete with endnote, procite, reference manager. ]

Bibliographix - Combines reference management, information retrieval and idea manager in a single application. [Microsoft Windows NT4/2000/XP]

Bibliophile Cataloguer Assisted Cataloging - Online cataloging service for antiquarian book dealers and librarians. Provides access to 12 million bibliographical records in MARC, Homebase, and customisable formats.
Meta Description: [ The Bibliophile Cataloguer database contains 12 million bibliographical records for use by antiquarian booksellers and librarians ]

Biblioserver - Bibliographical database hosting which supports browsing and searching of bibliographies.

Bookends Plus - A full featured bibliography/reference and information management system for students and professionals. Includes a downloadable evaluation version.
Meta Description: [ Software: reference management and bibliography generation. ]

Bowker's Spanish Books in Print - Provides listings of in-print, forthcoming, audio, video, and out-of-print Spanish-language titles, and detailed publisher information.

BP, a Perl Bibliography Package - Perl library for making bibliographical access tools.

Citation - Bibliographical conversion program designed to transform data between several different formats including: MLA, HFS, Chicago Manual of Style, INSPEC, ENGI, GTEC, Refer, and BibTeX.

Citation - A commercial bibliographic database application for academic writers. Citation runs under Windows.

Citation Machine - Information on this interactive Web tool designed to assist teachers and students in producing reference citations for crediting information from other people.

Citation Thread - Ponder on Classification - An experimental bibliography tool that helps to classify research articles, notes or reviews based on a cluster analysis of the cited references listed by a given set of publications.
Meta Description: [ The programme Citation Thread performs an automatic classification of academic articles using the cited references listed at the end of those articles. The output consists of a set of HTML pages organised in bibliography clusters (so called cluster-analysis) which allows the user to browse a larg... ]

Digital Information Services Center - Offers Windows and web versions of Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote, BookWhere 2000, and Reference Web Poster. Bibliographic software for researchers, scholarly writers, students, and librarians.
Meta Description: [ Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote, BookWhere Pro, BookWhere, Reference Web Poster, Text Retrieval Software and Bibliographic Software. Bibliographic Software for Researchers, Scholarly Writers, Students, and Librarians to Search, Organize, Generate, and Publish Bibliography! StudyBuilder Softwa... ]

Electronic Research - Covers bibliography and citation management tools. Has reviews and feature comparisons for many commercial Windows and Macintosh packages.
Meta Description: [ Chorus section dedicated to bibliography and citation management ]

EndNote Software - Software tool for publishing and managing bibliographies. Windows and Mac OS X versions.
Meta Description: [ EndNote Home Page ]

GetARef - Reference manager for Windows 95, 98, 2000, NT and XP.

Groff - From the GNU Project is a version of the classic text processor, troff, which includes the refer bibliographic tool.

HotReference.com - Free web-based personal bibliographic manager integrated with a public reference database and a forum intended to criticize scientific works. It organizes and formats references automatically according to journals / conferences. It imports Web Of Science data and imports/exports BibTeX.

InterBib Bibliography-Related Services - It provides three facilities: conversion of bibliographies among different formats, the processing of documents to include bibliographies, and the collaborative accumulation of bibliographies that can be searched. Currently, conversion is provided from BibTeX and Refer to nicely formatted HTML and MIF (the Framemaker common format), and to bibliographies in Refer or BibTeX formats.

ISI Researchsoft - Niles Software is the software developer of EndNote, a commercial reference database and bibliographic software program.

500 Library Master - Balboa Software's high-level bibliographic and textual database manager for Windows and DOS.

MLA Auto-Generator - Free software that formats works and cited entries.

NoodleTools - NoodleBib allows students to create and edit their own MLA-style bibliographies.
Meta Description: [ NoodleBib: MLA and APA bibliography composer. Free software to help students with the research process. ]

Nota Bene - Integrated software for writers, academics, researchers, and scholars. Combines multilingual word processing, text searching and retrieval, bibliographic management, and database management as a single program. [Windows]
Meta Description: [ Nota Bene: Integrated software for writers, academics, researchers, and scholars.  Combines multilingual  word processing, text searching and retrieval, bibliographic  management, and database management as a single program ]

404 OBAS -- An Online Bibliography Assistant - Research tool for maintaining bibliographies. BibTeX entries can be uploaded and queries returned in that format. Support also for the APA citation style.

OCLC Cataloging Services - Information about OCLC's copy-cataloguing utility, WorldCat (the OCLC Online Union Catalog).
Meta Description: [ Integrated cataloging service ]

ProCite - Software tool for publishing and managing bibliographies on the Windows and Macintosh desktop.
Meta Description: [ ProCite Home Page ]

Qcite.com - Helps students and researchers to categorize research paper collection, allowing them to add comments, to sort, to group the documents and to import/export the data from/into standard BibTex format.
Meta Description: [ Free,private online paper organizer for academics.Organize research documents.Categorize your paper collection, add comments, sort, group documents and import/export the data from/into standard BibTex format. ]

Refas - The Reference Assistant - A reference management tool that allows the user to search, edit, add and store, and export references. Available for all platforms with a Java Virtual Machine. A trial version is available.

RefDB - Reference database and bibliography tool for SGML, XML, and LaTeX/BibTeX documents. Features, documentation, screenshots, download and Sourceforge project page.
Meta Description: [ Homepage of the RefDB project, a reference manager and bibliography tool for structured texts ]

Reference Manager - Software tool for publishing and managing bibliographies on the Windows and Macintosh desktop.
Meta Description: [ Reference Manager Home Page ]

RefWorks - Online bibliographic management program that allows users to create a personal database of references and generate bibliographies in a variety of formats including APA, MLA, Turabian, and Chicago.

Research Software Design - Maker of the PAPYRUS bibliography system and knowledge manager. Free. DOS/Windows and Mac OS 9 versions.
Meta Description: [ Home of Research Software Design, makers of the PAPYRUS Bibliography System and Knowledge Manager ]

RLIN - Research Libraries Information Network - RLIN, the Research Libraries Information Network, is an information management and retrieval system used by hundreds of comprehensive research libraries, archival repositories, museums, academic, public, law, technical, and corporate libraries for cataloging, interlibrary loan, and archives and manuscripts control, and to build an international database of bibliographic information which includes: a bibliographic database, The English Short Title Catalogue, and authority files.

Scholar's Aid - Bibliographic program that features a notes organizing module.
Meta Description: [ keywords: bibliography, footnote, footnotes, endnote, endnotes, reference, references, article, journal, book, list, lists, index card, cards, term paper, papers, dissertation, thesis, theses, citation, bibliographies, parenthetical reference, study aid, research ]

SIXPACK - bibliography and reference manager - A free BibTeX and reference manager designed to edit, convert and manage reference files, search and sort bibliographies, and import and export many different bibliography types.

SourceAid - Offers free bibliography creator and citation tools. Learn about MLA, APA, Chicago, and CSE writing style guidelines for in-text citations, footnotes, and endnotes.

500 Survey of Bibliographic Tools - A bit old but still useful collection from Dana Jacobsen which was last updated 1995.

Technical standards for electronic bibliographic data/metadata - Includes standards relating to URNs, SICI, DOI, Z39.50, TEI, RDF, and Dublin Core.

Using Existing Bibliographic Identifiers as Uniform Resource Names - Request for Comments: 2288. This document discusses how three major bibliographic identifiers (the ISBN, ISSN and SICI) can be supported within the URN framework and the currently proposed syntax for URNs.

USMARC Concise Format for Bibliographic Data - USMARC Concise Bibliographic format to which all related sections of the format are linked.
Meta Description: [ This document is the homepage for the MARC 21 Concise Bibliographic format to which all related sections of the format are linked. ]

Web Reference Database - Details on this web-based, platform-independent, multi-user interface for managing scientific literature and references. Based on php and mysql, it enables researchers to collaboratively manage a bibliographic database.
Meta Description: [ refbase is a web reference database based on php and mysql that offers a web-based, platform-independent, multi-user interface for managing scientific literature, references and citations ]

zNote - Web-based bibliography-management tool built with Zope and XML.

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