Gourt > Reference > Knowledge Management > Knowledge Creation > Problem Solving (9)
Problem solving forms part of thinking. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem solving has been defined as higher-order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills (McCarthy & Worthington, 1990). It occurs if an organism or an artificial intelligence system does not know how to proceed from a given state to a desired goal state. It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem shaping.
Overview
The nature of human problem solving has been studied by psychologists over the past hundred years. There are several methods of studying problem solving, including; introspection, behaviorism, simulation and computer modeling, and experimental methods.
Beginning with the early experimental work of the Gestaltists in Germany (e.g. Duncker, 1935), and continuing through the 1960s and early 1970s, research on problem solving typically conducted relatively simple, laboratory tasks (e.g. Duncker's "X-ray" problem; Ewert & Lambert's 1932 "disk" problem, later known as Tower of Hanoi) that appeared novel to participants (e.g. Mayer, 1992). Various reasons account for the choice of simple novel tasks: they had clearly defined optimal solutions, they were solvable within a relatively short time frame, researchers could trace participants' problem-solving steps, and so on. The researchers made the underlying assumption, of course, that simple tasks such as the Tower of Hanoi captured the main properties of "real world" problems, and that the cognitive processes underlying participants' attempts to solve simple problems were representative of the processes engaged in when solving "real world" problems. Thus researchers used simple problems for reasons of convenience, and thought generalizations to more complex problems would become possible. Perhaps the best-known and most impressive example of this line of research remains the work by Newell and Simon (1972).
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Solving a problem with the problem
Bryceforvice (Bryce Montgomery) Tue, 15 Dec 2009 23:36:02 -0000
Solving a problem with the problem
the sweater vest: solving the age old problem of cold chest/hot arms...
peglegmeg (megan lee) Tue, 15 Dec 2009 23:28:29 -0000
the sweater vest: solving the age old problem of cold chest/hot arms...
Is your problem solving style becoming a problem? #Mindfulness allows us to go beyond habit to see problems with fresh eyes. #mindfulness
Portlandmindful (Joseph Rhinewine) Tue, 15 Dec 2009 23:07:38 -0000
Is your problem solving style becoming a problem? #Mindfulness allows us to go beyond habit to see problems with fresh eyes. #mindfulness
RT @JoanneRighetti: Latest radio podcasts available- talking xmas pressies for pets & solving problem behaviours http://bit.ly/8tQOB
fun4fido (fun4fido) Tue, 15 Dec 2009 22:54:55 -0000
RT @JoanneRighetti: Latest radio podcasts available- talking xmas pressies for pets & solving problem behaviours http://bit.ly/8tQOB
Latest radio podcasts available- talking xmas pressies for pets & solving problem behaviours http://bit.ly/8tQOB
JoanneRighetti (Dr Joanne Righetti) Tue, 15 Dec 2009 22:43:40 -0000
Latest radio podcasts available- talking xmas pressies for pets & solving problem behaviours http://bit.ly/8tQOB
@patrix But now the permalink redirect plugin is now doing the work of decoding the old url, so how is it solving the problem?
chrosyn (chrosyn) Tue, 15 Dec 2009 22:43:31 -0000
@patrix But now the permalink redirect plugin is now doing the work of decoding the old url, so how is it solving the problem?
Avoiding Mental Error: General and Professional - Article outlines practices for catching and avoiding errors in the decision making process. Features bibiliographic references, as well as links to related resources.
Meta Description: [ When a human mind must exert considerable toil toward reaching some particular end, the temptation to make mental shortcuts is always there, leading ultimately to a propensity for mental error. The only logical recourse then is to select a group of minds who may effectively reduce the mental burd... ]
Change Magic - organisational problem solving and change engineering - Change Magic is a methodology and practical toolkit for organisational and personal creative problem solving and change engineering. There are a number of unique, free interactive tools on the site.
Meta Description: [ Change Magic - Change Engineering and Organisational Problem Solving for Culture Change in Organisations ]
Concept Star - Idea Analysis and Decision Support Tool - Software tool for consultants, executives knowledge workers. Relationship modeling is a proven method to analyze numerous ideas of complex situations, in order to generate new insights and create effective solutions.
Meta Description: [ Software for consultants, executives & knowledge workers. Relationship modeling is a proven method to analyze numerous ideas of complex situations, in order to generate new insights and create effective solutions. ]
Follow The Clues To Solve The Problem - Downloadable book intended to aid in the solution of difficult personal, business, or professional problems. The general logic used by general Eisenhower for his problems and plans is used. No charge is made unless the book helps the user.
Help Making Decisions - Decision-Making, Problem-solving, Selections made visually, a free-hand Charting Method for major decisions, No computer software or Mathematical theories needed! Purchase online.
Mycoted Ltd - Summarises creativity and innovation techniques, as well as offering facilitation, training, and assistance mainly in the scientific and technology area.
Problemistics - The site contains documents on learning and a Courseware on problem dealing (problem finding and problem solving. Some of this is in Italian and French.
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Progress towards wise decision-making and problem-solving - Progress is a procedure to help you make wise decisions. The resources on this site are all free, and include examples and templates. Progress can help with personal decisions (e.g. career decisions, ethical decisions) and with problem-solving.
Meta Description: [ Site aimed at the promotion of Wise decision making Describes in detail procedure, PROGRESS, which helps you make wise decisions ]
Synapse Decisions - Consultants employing the Creative Problem Solving process to assist professionals in finding dynamic solutions to problems and opportunities, through workshops, and seminars.
Meta Description: [ Synapse Decisions provides innovative, results-oriented, on-site, training and facilitation services enabling teams to develop and deliver effective targeted solutions in a highly competitive business environment. ]
Test Generator II - Software that enables anyone from any industry to quickly generate test questions, answers, grading, and compiling. Free demo available.
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ThoughtPath - Problem solving software uses idea generation techniques. Features product overview, information on the company and contact details.
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